Free election are one of the fundamental principles of any parliamentary democracy. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany, the basic law, thus stipulates in its Article 20, paragraph (2):“All public authority emanates from the people. It shall be exercised by the people trough election and referndums and by spesific legislative, execitive and judicial bodies.”(see full in …
This book tries to provide readers with the basic information and elements of analysis which are necessary for forming opinions and making informed decisions in an area as controversial as electoral systems.In the first edition of the book in 1984, I emphasized the techical side of electoral systems, making it clear that all particular aspects, which are not very accesible to the average citiz…
Pakistan is reasonable endowed with a set of political values and practices which make it a serious candidate for democracy. The electoral context of politics has taken deep roots in the public psyche. Political parties in general are, more than anything else, electoral entities. People tend to find the election-related activities of political parties meaningful and comprehensible. They have fu…
Buku mengenai Republik Federal Jerman: sebelum dan sesudah unifikasi ini disusun dengan maksud agar warga masyarakat di Indonesia memperoleh pengetahuan lebih luas mengenai perkembangan dan keadaan negara tersebut. Republik Federal Jerman terutama RFJ-Barat yang sebelum unifikasi lebih dikenal sebagai West Deutschland atau Bundesrepublik Deutschland sejak lama merupakan negara yang menjadi anga…
Profile of members of the People’s Representative Assembly, Republic of Indonesia.
Di jaman Bung Karno, sudah sejak awal Proklamasi Kemerdekaan 1945, terutama gencar mulai pemberontakan PRRI-Permesta, sepanjang satu windu sebelum 1965, banyak kaum intelektual Indonesia, khususnya orang-orang yang disebut rasional, moderat, nuchter, bersikap sangat sinis bila Bung Karno dan golongan progresif berbicara tentang bahaya intervensi asing, apalagi sampai menuding langsung hidung CI…
If ever there was an opportunity to strengthen public service broadcasting (PSB) in truest fidelity to its mandate, and particulary with the advantages of tecjnological advances world-wide, it is today. And if ever were more obstacles and impediments to this task, it is also today...(see full in book...)
Nations require investment to gear up economic growth and employment. When domestic capacity is considered inadequate to boost investment to on optimum level, goverments look beyond national borders for foreign investor. This is especially true with developing countries, which normally lack the capacity to mobilise domestic capital due to a number of factors, including the low income level. For…
Ekonomi pasar global dibangun oleh gagasan-gagasan liberal. Para ekonom, manager dan politisi berusaha membuat agar kita percaya bahwa hal ini adalah aturan yang kodrati. Apakah tidak ada alternatif yang lain?Di tingkat nasional, banyak negara yang mengadopsi alternatif dari sistem ekonomi pasar yang liberal, yang gagasanya sangat berbeda dalam hubungan di antara negara, pasar dan masyarakat..…
Seiring dengan berjalannya proses globalisasi, sektor ritel tumbuh menjadi sebuah usaha bisnis yang mempunyai pengaruh signifikan pada perekonomian dunia. Kekuatan modal dibalik sektor ini telah mampu mempengaruhi beberapa peraturan dan perjanjian perdagangan internasional. Dan kini, sektor ritel berkembang dengan demikian pesatnya di berbagai daerah termasuk di Indonesia.(see full in book…